Racing Persuasive Speech - 1240 Words

General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: The audience should understand that a success I’ve had is not only making varsity in cross country, but continually improving each season and persevering. Central Idea: Throughout my cross country seasons, I learned to power through, never give up, and keep pushing. Introduction If you walk, or rather, run a mile in my shoes, you’d actually be running 6 to 12 miles per day. Easy days are typically 6 miles while workout days are 8 to 9 miles, with 11 to 12 miles as our long run. My team and I train for our races, which is a 5k. This is my everyday life -running (at least during the cross country season). Racing is hard. It’s more of a mental sport than anything else. Everything is put on†¦show more content†¦Sure, I wasn’t expecting to be the best, but I was getting 28 minutes at the beginning of the season and then down to 23s my sophomore year and 22s my junior year. I ate poorly and had terrible sleeping habits, which contributed to my multiple twisted ankles throughout the season. Overall, I mentally doubted myself and didn’t have confidence. I never thought highly about myself. Transition: My first couple of years of cross country showed me that I had to change something to improve my time, so starting senior year, I did. I significantly changed my lifestyle for the better. Instead of eating junk food, fast food, or anything fried, I switched to buying healthier and protein-packed food to fuel my body. For running, carbohydrates supply energy and protein helps muscle-repair. Many other healthy foods like nuts, beans, whole-grain rice or pasta, salmon, and fruit give necessary supplements like iron, vitamin E, antioxidant amino acid taurine, omega-3 fatty acids, and more. In addition, I got into the habit of getting more sleep each night. Sleep is the best time to recover, allowing muscles to heal and repair themselves. Also, I started drinking about 3 to 4 water bottles per day, along with gatorade to get some electrolytes in. These three aspects--food, sleep, and water-- are vital to racing because they impact your performance so much. If one eats poorly, gets no sleep, and drinks barely any water, not only is your performance going suffer, but you’re moreShow MoreRelatedThe Birth of Modern Politics1701 Words   |  7 Pagesor the practice of it† (Modern Politics, 2009). Adams spent most of his â€Å"spare time in Boston writing newspaper essays defending the Washington administration† (Modern Politics, 2009) while Jackson enjoyed â€Å"cock-fighting, slave-holding, and horse racing† (American Politics, 2009) in his. As the reader continues on to Chapter 2 in The Birth of Modern Politics, Parsons contrasts Jackson and Adams political differences and accomplishments. One of Adams creditable accomplishments included PresidentRead MoreEssay on Narrative of Fredrick Douglass Reading Log2232 Words   |  9 Pagesslaves with the feeling of freedom, and it would be unsafe to deprive them of it. They serve as safety valves to carry off the rebellious spirit of enslaved humanity. Some of them make corn-brooms and baskets. Others play sports like wrestling or racing. But most all of them drink lots of whisky. Pg. 85amp;86 | 11. Briefly identify the following men: David Ruggles, Rev. J.W.C. Pennington, William C Coffin, and Nathan Johnson. | Mr. Ruggles took Douglass to a boarding house and became veryRead MoreCultural Adaptation7599 Words   |  31 Pagesvehicles so highly regarded by American drivers? | |By the early 1960s, the Honda had built its first automobiles for the Japanese home market and entered Formula One racing. But it wasn t until 1970 | |that it imported its first car, the diminutive N600, to the U.S. The automaker initially had a hard time sparking interest in American buyers, but | |that all changed in 1973 with the introduction of the Civic. TheRead MoreAnswer: Paragraph and Thesis-and-support Outline Thesis9738 Words   |  39 Pagesabused by their children. 3. Russell employs the addition signals first, next, finally, at last. 4. Other metaphors that Russell employs include: †¢ his passions have blown him about like â€Å"great winds† (figures of speech using like or as are known as similes) †¢ â€Å"one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss† †¢ â€Å"Love and knowledge†¦led upward toward the heavens† AnswersRead MoreAnswer: Paragraph and Thesis-and-support Outline Thesis9749 Words   |  39 Pagespeople abused by their children. 3. Russell employs the addition signals first, next, finally, at last. 4. 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Dà ©couper, translated by Taylor in a number of ways (break up, break down analysis, etc.), would more easily be translated by segmenting when used in the linguistic sense, and by dà ©coupage when used toRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pagescampuss top new television reporter, and as a junior and senior, I translated that passion for human connection into a stint as Berrys top newspaper opinion columnist and a widely read campus poet. I was the lead in a one...act play and led my college speech team to its highest ever national finish. I learned business, finance, and organi... zationalleadership by founding a community soup kitchen andlead... ing the campus investment group to unprecedented stock market returns; and in everything, I soughtRead MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagesand other attentiongetting approaches-will be the most successful in building brand awareness. For example, WordPerfect created instant visibility and credibility in Europe for its word processing software by sponsoring one of the top three bicycle racing teams. Media coverage of the team, both during and outside the races, established WordPerfect as a recognized brand. A yellow race car sponsored by Kodak similarly created over a billion individual impressions in 1993. Getting consumers to recognizeRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagestime? 3. Would the students start protesting even more if the principal stopped the newspaper? 4. When the welfare of the school is threatened, does the principal have the right to give orders to students? 5. Does the principal have the freedom of speech to say no in this case? 6. If the principal stopped the newspaper, would he be preventing full discussion of important problems? 7. Would the principal’s stop order make Rami lose faith in him? 8. Is Rami really loyal to his school and patriotic toRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesa book that can help transform dry and rather remote concepts into practical reality, and lead to lively class discussions, and even debates. In the gentle environment of the classroom, students can hone their analytical skills and also their persuasive skills—not selling products but selling their ideas—and defend them against critical scrutiny. This is great practice for the arena of business to come. NEW TO THIS EDITION In contrast to the early editions, which examined only notable mistakes

Advantages and Disadvantages of Shopping Online - 1600 Words

Advantages [edit] Convenience Online stores are usually available 24 hours a day, and many consumers have Internet access both at work and at home. Other establishments such as internet cafes and schools provide access as well. A visit to a conventional retail store requires travel and must take place during business hours. In the event of a problem with the item – it is not what the consumer ordered, or it is not what they expected – consumers are concerned with the ease with which they can return an item for the correct one or for a refund. Consumers may need to contact the retailer, visit the post office and pay return shipping, and then wait for a replacement or refund. Some online companies have more generous return policies to†¦show more content†¦states to require disclosure to consumers when this happens. Computer security has thus become a major concern for merchants and e-commerce service providers, who deploy countermeasures such as firewalls and anti-virus software to protect their networks. Phishing is another danger, where consumers are fooled into thinking they are dealing with a reputable retailer, when they have actually been manipulated into feeding private information to a system operated by a malicious party. Denial of service attacks are a minor risk for merchants, as are server and network outages. Quality seals can be placed on the Shop web page if it has undergone an independent assessment and meets all requirements of the company issuing the seal. The purpose of these seals is to increase the confidence of the online shoppers; the existence of many different seals, or seals unfamiliar to consumers, may foil this effort to a certain extent. A number of resources offer advice on how consumers can protect themselves when using online retailer services. These include: †¢ Sticking with known stores, or attempting to find independent consumer reviews of their experiences; also ensuring that there is comprehensive contact information on the website before using the service, and noting if the retailer has enrolled in industry oversight programs such as trust mark or trust seal. †¢ Before buying from a new company, evaluate the website by considering issues such as: the professionalism andShow MoreRelatedAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Online Shopping1018 Words   |  5 PagesThe online shopping trend is becoming increasingly popular. People nowadays can get everything they need online, such as clothes, books, groceries, etc. Online shopping is a new type of technology trend that people are getting addicted to because it makes people’s life easier and saves them time. Shoppers can visit web stores from the comfort of their own home and shop while they are sitting in front of their computer. 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It has been able to the users of the internet to choose whateverRead MoreAdvantages of Online Shopping675 Words   |  3 PagesOnline shopping, the Mecca for deal findings and savings on anything and everything a consumer could want, offers both advantages and disadvantages. All shopping has some of both, so here are the facts so you can judge whether online shopping is for you. Advantages: Save money. The biggest advantage to online shopping is the amount of money you can save with a little time and patience. Just like in-store shopping, online shopping requires that you shop around and visit more than one siteRead MoreOnline Buying and Selling1001 Words   |  5 Pagesinterested in purchasing. Although there are many benefits to using sites like those or even to be able to look into local sales online, but there are also some down sides to this type of buying and selling on the internet. In this paper, we are going to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of buying and selling online. There are many advantages to shopping online, whether it is through a used website like Craig’s List, a bidding website like EBay, or a retailer’s website like JCPenny. CustomersRead MoreThe Internet : The Challenges Of The Internet797 Words   |  4 Pages There are many advantages some may include online fundraising and online job hunting but there are the disadvantages as well, such as viruses and online shopping. Despite the fact that most of this generation go to the internet for answers, the internet isnt the most convenient source to go to for solutions. Fundraising sites are a smart idea of the internet because it benefits people in need. In the article, â€Å"The Benefits Of Online Fundraising,† Joe Baker said â€Å"Online fundraising is gainingRead MoreTraditional Shopping vs Online Shopping1557 Words   |  7 Pages1. Traditional and online shopping environment In the traditional shopping, one has to leave home, either walk or take a ride to a particular location in order to buy what one wants. There are many ways of traditional shopping such like shopping at shopping center, outlet village, markets or department stores. However, online shopping has been developing at a fast rate through recent years and more and more people are moving towards this mode of shopping. The online shopping is typically done atRead MoreThe E Commerce And Online Auctions Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesMarket Analysis The E-Commerce and Online Auctions industry has exploded over the past decade. Lured by the ease of ordering at home and ability to quickly compare prices and product reviews among retailers, many consumers are increasingly choosing to shop online over purchasing products at brick-and-mortar locations or via mail-order catalogs. RunWayMe will be part of the growing trend with a unique concept of selling the latest celebrities look-a-like outfits at affordable prices. Although thisRead MoreTraditional Markets and Digital Markets1403 Words   |  6 Pages1. Definition on Traditional Markets and Digital Markets 4 A. What is Traditional Markets? 5 B. What is Digital Markets? 5 2. Advantages of Traditional Markets 6 3. Disadvantages of Traditional Markets 7 4. Advantages of Digital Markets 8 5. Disadvantages of Digital Markets 9 6.Conclusion 10 7.References 11 Compare and contrast traditional markets with digital markets Definition of Traditional Markets and Digital

Before the Volcano Erupted The Ancient Cerén Village in Central America Free Essays

The archaeological site of Joya del Ceren, located in the broad Zapotitan Valley in the fertile region of western El Salvador, is a remarkable and important find that has been compared to the ancient ruined cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum in Italy. Like Pompeii, Joya del Ceren was preserved under layers of volcanic ash in the catastrophic Loma Caldera eruption from the nearby Ilopango volcano approximately 600 AD. This eruption forced the sudden abandonment of the site by its inhabitants who were forced to leave their possessions behind. We will write a custom essay sample on Before the Volcano Erupted: The Ancient Cerà ©n Village in Central America or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dr Payson Sheets of the University of Colorado-Boulder has been leading the excavations of the site, and as this ancient farming village of the Maya is now being revealed, many important insights into the household and community life of the ancient Maya, as well as their economic, social, and religious activities are becoming better understood. In Dr. Sheets’ book, Before the Volcano Erupted: The Ancient Ceren Village in Central America, an overview of the knowledge gained by recent excavations is provided. The book opens with a discussion of volcanology, geophysics, and paleobotany. It is clear that the presence of the nearby volcanic hills around the site presented both benefits and hazards to the ancient inhabitants. The volcano provided a source of hard stones for making manos and metates, its ancient eruptions deposited a fertile bed of ash for fruitful agriculture, but it also proved the destruction of their village. What is so amazing is the fine state of preservation that the volcanic eruption gave to the material culture of the site. The buildings, complete with their thatched roofs (mice included) and painted walls, the beautifully painted gourds and pottery vessels, whole and filled with foodstuffs, liquid residues, utensils and other personal items, the craft tools, and the clear evidence of craft production are all on hand, looking untouched despite their fourteen centuries of age. Consider this remarkable statement: â€Å"The numerous seasonally sensitive plants preserved at the site indicate the eruption probably occurred in August. Further, the positions and conditions of artifacts indicate the eruption probably occurred in the early evening, after dinner was served but before the dishes were washed, likely between 6:00 and 7:00 P. M. † (Sheets) For all the fury and destruction that volcanoes can cause, such an outcome is nevertheless a joy to historians and archaeologists, and should be to anyone curious about the lives of prehistoric peoples. The focus of the explorations at Joya del Ceren is centered on â€Å"Household Archaeology,† with the household being defined as â€Å"the domestic coresidential social and adaptive unit intermediate between the individual and the neighborhood. † (Sheets) Part II of the book describes the four households excavated prior to publication, with eleven building having been completely excavated, and seven others partially excavated. Professor Sheets summarizes the work to date as follows: Four buildings of Household 1 have been excavated, including a domicile (for sleeping, eating, and various daytime activities), a storehouse, a kitchen, and a ramada-style building that occasionally was used for chipped stone tool maintenance, among other functions (Structures 1, 6, 11, and 5, respectively). Two buildings of Household 2 have been excavated, the domicile and the storehouse (Structures 2 and 7). The kitchen has yet to be excavated, and we do not know if Structure 18 is a part of this household. Only a part of the kitchen of Household 3 is known (Structure 16). The storehouse of Household 4 has been excavated, and it is a storehouse and much more (Structure 4). The maguey (Agave americana) garden south of the building produced fiber for about a dozen households; the leaves were depulped to liberate the fibers using Structure 4’s northeast corner pole. † (Sheets) The results of these excavations revealed a good deal about household and village life of the people of the Maya frontier circa 600 AD. We have an expanded view of what they ate (maize, beans, chiles, squash, manioc, maguey, cacao and guayaba among others), the wealth they possessed (over 70 vessels in household 1 alone), and their source of livelihood (both subsistence farming and craft specialization). Indeed it is possible to speculate that each household produced a certain type of finished craft for export trade within or beyond the village. Sheets describes how â€Å"each household overproduced at least one craft or commodity and used that for exchange within the community and to obtain long-distance traded items that generally were produced by specialists, such as obsidian tools, hematite pigments, and jade axes. † (Sheets) It is shown how household 1 produced groundstone items such as manos and metates, and a tool called a donut stone. Household 2 likely served as a painted gourd factory, as evidenced by the presence of cinnabar paints and the use-wear on chipped stone tools found at the site. In addition to the household structures, some other community buildings have been identified. These include Structure 9, a large sweat bath that could accommodate a dozen people , structure 10, considered to be a religious festival building of some kind, as evidenced by the presence of some sacred artifacts, such as a deer skull headdress, and an obsidian blade with traces of human blood. There is also a large community center or civic complex, perhaps used for local government functions or religious purposes or both. The religious buildings were painted white and are the only white buildings found at the site. Some of the agricultural fields have been examined, and the results are very interesting. For example, the rows for maize were ridged, and some areas show where portions of the crop have already been harvested and the ground replanted with the second crop for the year. Many species of plants are identified by plaster casting, including â€Å"maize, beans, chiles, squash, manioc, maguey, various trees such as cacao and guayaba, and a number of palm and deciduous trees. † (Sheets) The manioc field is known as the first evidence of the cultivation of this crop in the Americas. In a recent CU-Boulder news release article, Sheets said â€Å"we have long wondered what else the prehistoric Mayan people were growing and eating besides corn and beans, so finding this field was a jackpot of sorts for us. Manioc’s extraordinary productivity may help explain how the Classic Maya at huge sites like Tikal in Guatemala and Copan in Honduras supported such dense populations. † The work at Joya del Ceren is far from over. The book explains how the archaeologists are using ground penetrating radar equipment to locate numerous other buildings for future excavations. As time goes on, the riches of Joya del Ceren will continue to emerge from the ashes. Before the Volcano Erupted: The Ancient Ceren Village in Central America is a rather typical archaeological report, fairly dry for reading, but full of fascinating information if you take the time to pick through it. What is important is what the Archaeology of the site can teach us of the ancient people that lived there. The site must be an outstanding place to visit, for to see such well-preserved artifacts would surely spark the imagination. I would surely recommend the book to anyone interested in the Maya, in archaeology and history in general, or to anybody that is curious about the way that ordinary people from the past may have lived their lives. Works Cited Sheets, Payson. â€Å"CU-Boulder Archaeology Team Discovers First Ancient Manioc Fields In Americas. † CU-Boulder News. August 20, 2007. http://www. colorado. edu/news/releases/2007/305. html Sheets, Payson (ed. ) Before the Volcano Erupted: The Ancient Ceren Village in Central America. Boulder, Colorado. 2002 How to cite Before the Volcano Erupted: The Ancient Cerà ©n Village in Central America, Papers

Memento Mori by Flyleaf free essay sample

Flyleaf’s Memento Mori Flyleaf’s highly anticipated second album â€Å"Memento Mori† has rang a lot of controversy among fans and critics. While some argue it is a religious album, Flyleaf members have stated time and time again that they do not consider themselves a religious group though sometimes their beliefs are woven into their lyrics. Controversy aside, Memento Mori has taken Flyleaf to new heights as a rock group showcasing their ability to use both captivating lyrics and head – bang worthy guitar riffs. Memento Mori (Latin for â€Å"be mindful of death† or â€Å"remember you will die†) plays out almost like a story through the course of the album. Starting with the fan loved single â€Å"Again† and finishing with an array of acoustic bonus tracks, the album takes listeners on a ride through the troubles of love and life and contemplating life and death. Over all I must say that I enjoyed Flyleaf’s debut album a bit more, but Memento Mori still scor es a 4 out of 5 in my book. We will write a custom essay sample on Memento Mori by Flyleaf or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Key Tracks: Again (for fans of Fully Alive, Perfect, and Cassie) Missing (for fans of Sorrow, All Around Me, Red Sam) Beautiful Bride (for fans of I’m So Sick and Cassie) Break Your Knees (for fans of So I Thought, and Red Sam acoustic version)

Aod Cross Member Essays - Gears, Mechanical Engineering,

Aod Cross Member AOD to T5 swap 1987-93 ********THIS IS NOT MY OWN PIECE, BUT IT IS A PIECE THAT I FOUND VERY HELPFUL Is your AOD giving you trouble? Want to get rid of that sludge box forever? Why don't you do an AOD to T5 swap! Finally, a place where you can get the low down on exactly what it takes to convert from an AOD to a Ford T5 transmission, step by step. First, lets look at what you'll need for the conversion. Note: The parts listed are for a T5 or T5Z transmission. Swapping to an aftermarket tranny (example: TKO, 3550, T56, etc.) will require a slightly different list of parts. These questions may be answered in the new Q&A list that is under developement. Things you'll need: Parts Starter index plate Bell housing/scatter shield Pivot ball T5/T5Z transmission Shifter Shifter knob Shifter weather seal Shifter boot Flywheel Clutch kit (pressure plate, clutch disc, and throw out bearing) Pilot bearing Clutch fork Clutch cable Clutch cable clip (secures the cable to the bell housing) Pedal Assembly Clutch quadrant Speedometer gear Back-up light harness (Ford part# E7ZZ-15525-A) T5 transmission cross member Exhaust hanger Bolts: Upper bell housing bolts (or washers to make up the extra length) Pressure plate bolts Starter plate to bell housing bolts Transmission to bell housing bolts Tools Torque wrench Complete socket set (standard and metric) Screw drivers (phillips and flat head) Assortment of wrenches (standard and metric) 12 point, 12mm socket (for the driveshaft) O2 sensor socket (optional) Extension(s) approx. 36 long Jack Jack stands Now that you have an idea on the parts and tools needed for the conversion, it's time to brake down the procedure. There are basically 2 parts: Under-the-car and inside-the-car. Under-the-car is the heavy, major conversion work. It's basically the removal of the AOD and the installation of the T5(Z). There is no real modification to be done. The only thing that need to be modified is the opening for the shifter. The metal is so thin that it can be bent upwards for clearance. The inside-the-car work is basically the installation of the clutch pedal, clutch cable, relocation of the speedometer cable, and removal of the AOD's shifter. Other factoids will be given as the conversion is spelled out. If after going through this you have any questions, please feel free to E-mail me at mailto:[emailprotected]?subject=AOD_to_T5_swap Inside-the-car The only reason that I suggest starting with the inside is so that you have room for the shifter when you install the transmission and something to hold on to the clutch fork when installing the T5. This will be more clear as you read the step by step instructions. Removal of the automatic pedal assembly Remove the front drivers seat. This will make removing the pedal assembly A LOT easier. Remove the plastic cover around the steering column and under the dash. Remove the hood release cable bracket. Lower the steering column. There are 4 nuts that support the steering column. As you are lowering the column, unplug the wires so that they get taught and support the column. Remove the nut and bolt from the top of the pedal assembly. Remove the brake booster rod from the brake pedal. Remove the 4 nuts on the back of the fire wall (brake booster nuts). The upper left nut is the hardest one to get to. If you look carefully, you can get a ratchet/extension/socket to remove it. Wiggle the pedal assembly out from under the dash. This is the hardest part. Take your time and try not to get upset. Take a breather or two if you are having trouble. Relocation of the speedometer cable and install of the clutch cable Remove the head light switch. Remove the hazard lights switch. Remove the gauge cluster cover. Remove the gauge cluster. There are 2 plugs and the speedometer cable holding it back. Don't force the gauge cluster away from the dash too hard. Pull the speedometer cable out from under the hood. Reinstall the speedometer cable through the other hole. If you look directly to the left of where the speedometer cable came out of, you'll see the hole where the speedometer cable needs to go through. Reinstall

The Importance of the Ghost Scene in Hamlet essays

The Importance of the Ghost Scene in Hamlet essays Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, is one of the most universally admired and discussed works of literature in the English language. It is about Hamlet, the popular young prince of Denmark, who returns from school because of the news of his fathers death, and finds that his uncle, Claudius, has married his mother and is now King. Hamlet is upset by the death of his father, as well as his mothers hasty and incestuous marriage. To add to his distress, he later finds out that his uncle actually killed his father, and that his fathers ghost wants him to avenge his death. Hamlet resolves to get his revenge on Claudius, and then inexplicably puts it off for the rest of the play. During this time Hamlet acts more and more insane, killing Polonius, behaving cruelly towards his mother and Ophelia, and making dangerous enemies of Claudius and Laertes. The story line culminates in a bloody duel scene in which Hamlet, Laertes, Claudius, and Gertrude are killed. One of the most important scenes in the play, one that would devastate the plays narrative if it were to be taken out, is the scene in which Hamlet is confronted by the ghost of his father, who tells him of his gristly murder, and Hamlets obligation to avenge his death. (Act One, Scene Five) At the time of the scene, the ghost has been appearing to the guards for several nights. Bernado, Marcellus, and Horatio have seen all seen it, but it hasnt spoken to any of them. When Horatio sees that the ghost looks exactly like the late King, he feels sure that it will speak to Hamlet. When the ghost sees Hamlet it beacons him away from Horatio and Marcellus. They plead with him not to go, but he refuses, so they follow him. When the ghost finally speaks he confirms that he is Hamlets father. He describes the tortures he has endured in the afterlife, because he had no chance to receive the ...

Ancient Hunters Of the Great Plains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ancient Hunters Of the Great Plains - Essay Example Similarly, the changes resulted into extinction of most of the megafauna’s of North America. Therefore, it is inherent that extinction is a natural evolutionary development. The change in climate implied that the culture of Indian people rather than the ancient hunters of the Great Plains had to change in order for them to cope with the new environment. The most notable cultural adaptation included the Folsom cultural complex. Folsom archaeological site in New Mexico formed the basis of Folsom cultural complex. The evidence is based on a spear that was entrenched in an ancient bison had been excavated. Geographical distribution of Folsom culture was identified to spread eastward from Rocky Mountains across the vast of Great Plains (Wood 51). In addition, the culture spread from North Dakota to Mexico. Bison hunting formed the basis of Folsom people lifestyle. Socially, the ancient hunters of the Great Plains inhabited small bands that comprised of at least twenty members. Inte raction between these people involved socialization and trade. Nevertheless, it is notable that they lived a nomadic lifestyle since they travelled areas that provided them with opportunities for hunting. Inhabitation of the Great Plains with bisons during the Ice age was attributable to their survival characteristics. Bisons had adapted to short grass that had dominated the region during the postglacial times. ... The Agate Basin in Eastern Wyoming is one of the bison-killing sites that I was interested in due to its aesthetical nature. Apart from bison killing, the site shows some form of planning. Natural topographical features such as Arroyos formed the basis of Buffalo trapping. The terrain enabled the hunters to trap large numbers of animals. In addition, it provided the hunters with an opportunity to involve few people in the exercise, based on the archaeological remains, the hunters speared some of their prays that tried to escape from the traps rather than the Arroyo while some were held till they delivered in order to ensure good supply of meat. Since hunting was practiced during winter, only chosen parts of the animals were taken while the rest was frozen until the onset of warm weather. Butchering of the beast was done at the kill sites where the meat was cut into large pieces for transportation. Weight reduction involved removal of the femur and the tibia. The Folsom people are ref erred to as successful hunters because of their great knowledge in their environment and bisons (Wood 123). According to archaeologists, introduction of horses as a form of material culture in North America by the Spaniards had remarkable influence on the plains Indians. In regards to Bison hunting, horses expanded the hunters range and increased the hunters’ carrying capacity. As a result, more bisons were slaughtered every year. Apart from its influence on hunting, other aspects of life were affected where by instability and imbalance emerged in the society. Since it violated the cultural values of the ancient Great Plain hunters, concern for the common welfare emerged.

New procedure that physicians would like to adapt in the hospital Essay

New procedure that physicians would like to adapt in the hospital - Essay Example First, a new process must follow the ANA Standards of Practice and the Nurse Practice Act. Further, the process should uphold the rights of patients and also be safe. Second, the new procedure must be backed by relevant nursing theories and literature. The process must have a backing of conclusive information and data from reputable health sources like the nursing organizations. Having this would ensure that the procedure is based on evidence. The third step in determining the scope of the new process would be to evaluate the professional opinions of other nurses with similar professional training. The point implies that other nurses should propose such a process or approve it in case they are in a situation that it can be applied. According to the Texas Board of Nursing (n.d), nurses are supposed to follow ‘standard care practice’ in dealing with emerging situations. A new process must have a nursing remedy in case of further complications as a result of the new practice. Nurses should be in a position to accept any repercussion that emanate from the new process. Before following the new practice, the nurses must first determine the consequences and the applicable laws, should they violate the safe care doctrine. Introducing a new process to fellow practitioners and physicians is a tricky process. The initial step is to educate the physicians and the nurses about the rationale and the reasons for adopting the new practice and get their initial response towards the new process. When the concerned parties are in agreement about a new process, then implementation becomes easier. The physicians and nurses should be assured that the practice does not violate the professional terms that they all subscribe to. An awareness program should be created to educate the health practitioners on the specifics of the practice and the desired outcomes. It is important to educate them on the new practice since it does not exist in the current nursing

MSc Planning Practice & Research - Affordable Housing Essay

MSc Planning Practice & Research - Affordable Housing - Essay Example Out-migration may create a considerable multiplier effect – schools may close down for lack of enrolment, employers may have little choice over new employees, and local economies may begin to be threatened by the possible termination of local services, thus, depriving communities of access to critical provisions. Since the 1950s, Wales and England have declared between them ten locations as national parks, which comprise about ten percent of the land area in the United Kingdom (U.K.).Wales alone boasts of three national parks: the Brecon Beacons National Park (BBNP) – the site of this research study – along with the Pembrokeshire Coast and Snowdonia National Parks. Meanwhile, similar programs have been underway in Scotland. National parks are tracts of land allocated for the protection and conservation of the natural environment. While these spaces are generally open to the public, park authorities are mandated to maintain a balance between potentially conflicting "recreational and conservation objectives" (Park, 2001, 545). In addition, The World Conservation Union (1975) or IUCN defined a national park as "a relatively large area where (a) one or several ecosystems are not materially altered by human exploitation and occupation, where plant and animal species, geomorphological sites and habitats are of special scientific, educative and recreational interest or which contain a natural landscape of great beauty (b) the highest competent authority of the country has taken steps to prevent or eliminate as soon as possible exploitation or occupation in the whole area and to enforce effectively the respect of ecological, geomorphological or aesthetic features which have led to its establishment (c) visitor s are allowed to enter under special conditions, for inspirational, cultural and recreative purposes" (Park, 2001). While

Human rights and good governance

Human rights and good governance Introduction: Good governance is an necessary element of durable development is not deniable. It is the key stick of recent Economic growth and rapid social advancement achieved by the newly industrializing economies in East and South-East Asia. It has also altered postulates and shaped perspectives on development economics with some prominence being given to the so-called (East) Asian values and development-oriented governance or a â€Å"development State† as a positive force for economic growth and social transformation. Human Rights is another burning issue now a days. The growing power of executive authorities sometime causes serious violation of Rights of human. Human right dealt with the rights that every human being routinely qualifies for at birth. These cannot be denied because of the color of ones skin, religion, age or other personal factors. Sometime it seems that there are many contradictions between Good Governance and Human Rights, especially then the question of application is come. But in the book â€Å"Human Rights and Good Governance† edited by Hans-Otto Sano, an article â€Å"Good Governance: How Does It Relate to Human Rights?† the author shows that how they are related with each other, and sometime how they sometime cross their limit and harm each-other. But in the conclusion the author found that in practice actually the Good Governance strengthen human right. And also good human rights condition also helps to achieve the main goal of Good Governance that is Development. Definition of Good Governance: The concept of Good Governance has been around for last few decades. In 1969 Philip Selznic sought to develop a law of governance in his study of industrial organization. But this term â€Å"Good Governance† emerge on the development agenda. Because there were three important factor that played a great role to raise this issue. 1.The experience of international financial institutes in sub-Saharan Africa in implementing structural adjustment Programs showed that after an initial adjustment phase where macro-economic balance were set straight ,further economic growth failed to materialize. Its showed that empowering the capacity of key government agencies was necessary in order to create an strong environment for sustainable development. 2. The end of the cold war and the associated collapse of communist economic and political system showed the world how potentially damaging big and inefficient state apparatuses could be to economic development. And at the same time the end of superpower competition has given western donors to impose political condition in their policies towards the third world countries. Yes, in these regards the third world countries has lost the paradigm of â€Å"negative sovereignty that states that state must not hinder in the domestic affairs of another country.   Even the human rights issues primarily concern the relationship between the state and its citizens; they are increasingly seen as a legitimate concern of the international society. Because the realm of human rights has crossed the boundary of a national state. 3.The third factor is that the emergence of good governance on the development agenda was the remarkable economic boom experienced by the East-Asia which is known as â€Å"Emerging Tigers†. These emergence has showed that economic development mainly depends on Good and fair Governance. The World Banks publications â€Å"East Asian Miracle† in the early 1990 showed that strong and interventionist states can serve to promote economic growth. In order to define more fully meaning of Governance, we distinguish between the World   Bank and the rest of the donor community. The World Bank sets the agenda and is the dominating actor in aid community. and in the same time its policy is to restricts it from getting involved in the internal affairs of economic factors recipient countries.The Banks authorization is limited to economic development, and it can only take non-economic factors into consideration where these are perceived to have an important impact on economic development. In the same time the donor agencies and the donor states denote Good Governance as something different than Banks policy. Here the donor country or agencies emphasize in political affairs. What do we understand by term â€Å"Bad Governance†? In ‘Bad Governance the state official doing their job for their own interests and there acts are without accountability, the trust on personal networks for endurance rather than on holding the state accountable, modified politics and patronage, unlawful leadership, and excessive control over information and of associations. The narrow focus on management was thus broadened and supplemented with concepts such as accountability and transparency. The World Bank has changed the focus from narrow management approach to broader and more political governance. In an article Peter Evans showed that there are two newer trends within the development literature. One is focusing on the role of social capital that is norm of trust and networks of reciprocity for economic development and government performance. And the another is focusing on the role of the developmental state that is strong governmental agencies capable of active in tervention in the economy for capital development and he bickers that these two trends could be very well integrated. And now a days â€Å"Good Governance† is something that will ensure both political development and economic development. So, there are two aspect of   good governance, a political aspect concerning legitimacy and a technical aspect concerning capacity. But sometime it is clear that even though the Banks mandate prohibits it from getting involved in domestic politics, the view of governance overlaps with matters of political controversy. So, it is hard to separate politics from economic when good governance is described as ‘predictable, enlightened and open policy- process, bureaucracy with a professional ethos, a government accountable for its actions, a strong civil society participating actively in public affairs and all under the rule of law. Bilateral donors and the EU are able to be clearer when adopting political conditions for aid. Thus the rest of the aid agencies and stats have given more stresses on political aspect of governance. As an example according to a DAC (Development Assistance Committee) report the technical and the political aspect is the main issue for their aid. And now they emphasized in the concern with the ability of governments to govern effectively and the latter with avoiding that states have excessive power in relating to citizens. In the official publications of Danida (The Danish Development agency) says that good governance is closely linked to human rights and democratization. The consensus about good governance is somewhat super facial. Below the surface there are disagreements concerning what the role of the state should be and which particular governance components should be stressed. Nevertheless, there is on a general level a consensus within the development community emphasizing human rights, democracy, responsiveness, and accountability on the one hand, and capacity, effectiveness and efficiency on the other hand. Characteristics of Good Governance: When trying to relate good governance to human rights, it is important to distinguish between various ways of using the concept. Good Governance can be defined in some ideas. Like as a normative ideal, as analytical concept, and as a donor practice Good Governance has been defined in the Community Consultation Resource Guideas existing when a government governs for and on behalf of its community (p 5). This provides a democratic basis which is essential to an understanding of good governance in the local government sector, with a focus of good governance as it applies to democratically elected governments. Besides this Good governance is consists of eight (8) major individuality. These are as followings: 1) Participatory, 2) Accountable, 3) Consensus oriented, 4) Effective and efficient, 5) Responsive, 6) Transparent, 7) The rule of law 8) Equitable and inclusive The principle and practice of democratic governance underpins governance in a local government sector. Democratic governance refers to the democratic nature of local government and the accountability of local governments and their communities. It makes corruption minimized, the suggestions of minorities are taken into account and the most vulnerable groups voice in society are heard in decision-making. It is also opens societys present and future needs. 1. Participation For, good governance one of the key cornerstone is the participation of both men and women. Participation might be either directly or through lawful intermediate institutions or as an agent. The important matter is that the concerns of the most vulnerable in society would be taken into suggestions in decision making does not always mean by representative democracy. Participation must be well-informed and organized. This means organized civil society on the one hand and freedom of association and press and expression on the other hand. 2. Consensus oriented There are many actors and as many points of view in a certain society. It requires a broad and long-term outlook on what is needed for sustainable human development and how to achieve the goals of such development. Good governance involves mediation of the different interests in society to reach a broad consensus in society on what is in the best interest of the community and how it can be achieved. We understand what is best for them by observing the historical, cultural and social contexts of a given society or community 3. Accountability Accountability is another important condition for good governance. Generally an organization or an institution is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions or actions. The governmental institutions and the private sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders. Who has to be accountable to whom, varies depending on whether decisions or actions taken are internal or external to an organization or institution. Without transparency and the rule of law, accountability cannot be imposed. 4. Transparency Transparency is another main thing to ensure good governance. Transparency means that taken decisions and enforcement of these decisions will be done in a way that will follow the rules and regulations. It also means that information is without stinting available and easily accessible to those who will be affected by those decisions and their enforcement. It also means that sufficient information is provided and these information is provided in easily understandable forms and media. 5. Responsiveness Institutions and processes will try to serve all stakeholders within reasonable timeframe is another important requirement of ‘Good governance. 6. Effectiveness and efficiency To ensure ‘Good governance, effectiveness and efficiency is another important thing. When processes and institutions decisions meet the needs of   the best use of societys resources means ‘Effectiveness and efficiency. The concept of efficiency in the context of good governance also coats the sustainable use of natural resources and environment protection. 7. Equity and inclusiveness Well being of a society depends on ensuring that all members of the society feel that they have a chance in it and do not feel barred from the majority of society. If it is found that all groups, and mainly the most vulnerable, have equal opportunities to improve and continue their well being in the society, then it could be said that the equality and inclusiveness has been ensured. 8. Rule of law Rule of law is the root of ‘Good governance. In a good governed society fair legal frameworks are enforced neutrally. It also needs full protection of human rights, certainly those of minorities. Free and independent judiciary and an neutral and honest police force can ensure the fair enforcement of law. The Relevance of Good Governance for Human Rights: Governance as a normative ideal: The concept of Good Governance and the concept of human rights point at areas of state-society friction and at areas of state-society synergy. Normatively, good governance is frequently understood as also involving respect for human rights, as for instant in this definition: the concept of good governance refers to ‘effective user-friendly rules, beneficial to those living under the states jurisdiction. But there may be tensions between good governance and human rights that can be traced back to liberal political thought. To such neo-political thinkers as Friedrich Hayek or Robert Nozick the use of state authority for redistributive purposes is a serious infringement upon the individuals liberty-rights.According to Nozick, rights are boundaries that demarcate legitimate spheres of action for an individual, that may not be crossed without an anothers consent. An extensive state cannot be morally justified, because it would   violate the rights of individuals not to be forced to do certain things. Nozicks minimal state is thus inconsistent with â€Å"planning in details† and with the active redistribution of resources ‘forcing some to aid others. Likewise, Hayek is concerned about the democratic element of liberal democracy weighing too much and the liberal elements too little. He distinguishes between law and legislation. According to him the Rule of Law implies limit s to the scope of legislation and it restricts it to the kind of general rules known as formal law, and excludes legislation either directly aimed at particular people, or at enabling anybody to use the coercive power of the state for the purpose of such discrimination. These neo-liberal concerns imply a tension between on the one hand that is negative rights- the rights protecting the individual from the state and on the other hand the positive rights, the rights that require the state to take measures to enhance the economic and social well-being of its citizens. In a neo-liberal view, demands for good governance involving the improvement of social and educational services might conflict with demands for the respect of liberty rights. On the contrary, the new left would discover other tension between good governance and human rights. They would start out by exploring the ways asymmetries of power and resources impinge upon the meaning of liberty and equality in daily relations. And they would find that large numbers of people are systematically restricted from participating in political life. What use are the formal civil and political rights if such large numbers in reality are excluded from enjoying their rights? Thus, potential tension may derive from the donors emphasis on the political and civil rights rather than on economic and social rights when demanding good governance. To the new left, equality and liberty are not at odds, on the contrary, they are mutually reinforcing, and civil and political rights can best be pursued within participatory framework. And in this framework, the state must be democratized by making parliament, state bureaucracies and political parties more open and accountable while new forms of struggle at the local level must ensure that societies as well as the state are democratized. This sketch of the positions of the new right and the new left not only shows how tensions between good governance and human rights can be identified but also how observers can differ on their views about which human rights should be accentuated. Clearly, neo-liberals focus exclusively on political and civil rights and therefore ascribe a minimal role to the state. Similarly the new left focuses as much on social and economic rights. What can be concluded from this section, then, is that governance means many things to many people, and that how it relates to human rights depends on how both governance and human rights are defined. In this way it becomes apparent that the normative aspect of both concepts is fundamental for the understanding and usage of the concepts. Governance as analytical concept: The core of governance is not essentially about democracy, but it has to do with legitimacy and accountability. Understood this way, it can be argued that the better governance is the more a government is accountable towards its citizens, the more likely this government is to respect basic political and civil rights. According to Hyden (1992), the core of governance is bounded by four properties which are most important. These are: a) Authority. b) Reciprocity. c) Trust. d) Accountability. Trust refers to a normative consensus on the limits of action present in a political community. It is sustained by socialization into the rules of a society. Indicators of trust in a political community are the extent to which individuals and groups in society co-operate in associations that cut across basic divisions such as ethnicity, race, religion, and class Reciprocity refers to the quality of social interaction among members of a political community. Reciprocal action tends to have the effect of generating new forms of consensus about the basic rules of politics. An important indicator of reciprocity in politics is the extent to which individuals are free to form associations to defend and promote their interests in the public dominion. Accountability refers to the effectiveness with which the governed can exercise influence over their governor. Both trust and reciprocity are not easily maintained without specific rules of holding political leaders accountable to civil society. Signs of accountability can be showed by holding various forms of election that is fair and thus officials are appointed who are responsible for making their decisions and actions. Authority is the legitimate use of power. Authority is facilitated by the other three variables but it goes beyond these in stressing the significance of effective political leadership. The authority consists of compliance with not only given policies but also the process by which they are arrived at, that is the extent to which leaders respect rules or change them in ways that are acceptable to the governed. The more the four variables are present, the greater the likelihood of good governance. From the way the governance sphere is outlined above, it follows that the more authority, reciprocity, trust and accountability there is, the higher the likelihood the individual rights are respected by the state. A political community can hardly be imagined in which there is widespread trust and reciprocity, power is exercised legitimately, and the governor are accountable to the governed, at the same time as severe infringements upon the human rights of the citizen take place. Such a political community would not be able to sustain high level of trust and reciprocity. The use of power in such a society would be arbitrary and raw, not legitimate and constrained by the rule of law. The governance is also relate to state capacity and governance affect the ability to deliver services to the public and hence promote economic and social rights. Mick Moore argues in a novel and interesting way that democratic governance and state capacity are inextricably connected. A broad system of taxation based on ‘tax per head and income tax involves a range of features such as organizational capacity to obtain information about citizen and more broadly, a weberian-type bureaucracy capable of administering a complex tax system. In such system, the state will tend to be accountable towards its citizens rather than towards sources of income such as donors, or big oil or mining company. This is because governments tend to be responsive towards their main income. If this is aid , then government will be more accountable towards donor than towards their own citizens. Moore said that the more government income is ‘earned, in the sense that the government has to mobilize o rganizational resources to collect income and provide some service in return. And it is surely promote human rights. But in a weak state, where aid dependency is high and taxation is on trade rather then income, governance will thus tend to be unaccountable. In the sense that democratic governance means that the state ‘comes closer to its citizens and starts negotiating more with the citizens and providing basic services, better governance means higher likelihood that the governance will start respecting human rights that is individuals rights. It has to, if it wishes to secure tax compliance. Accountable governance in fact becomes part of the process of constituting individuals as citizens with rights and duties rather than as subjects. Respecting human rights is inextricably connected to building state capacity, because it involves building a system in which the state depends on its citizens for income and must give them something in return for their contributions. Understood this way, situations could arise in which governance in particular country was unaccountable at the same time as the donor were implementing apparently successful good governance programs, such as financial management programs,   in that same country. Good governance as donor practice: Good governance has become ingrained in the aid policies of most donor. Despite difference in the interpretation of good governance, the concept was a part of a growing consensus among donors concerning fundamental assumptions relating to development. One of the assumptions asserted that sustainable economic and social development on the one hand and human rights, democratization, and good governance on the other hand are intertwined in mutually supportive entities. But it is a big questions that does donor practice concerning good governance promote human rights or is the basic assumption only an expression of what ought to be the case. A way in which good governance program can potentially improve human rights conditions is by strengthening the states capacity to deliver service to the public. The kind of human rights abuses which result from bad or non-existent service delivery, the deprivation of peoples basic economic and social rights, are not very direct or visible. The increased involvement of international financial institutions in many countries economic policies tended to increase their capacity to manage the macro-economy In their effort to set macro-economic balances straight, the governments hired more economists and other technocrats and adopted donor-supported civil- service reforms in order to strengthen their core economic agencies such as the treasury and the revenue authority. According to Grindle, † Other important state capacities, such as the capacity to deliver service to the people or to have a responsive public administration and have deteriorated to the economic crisis.†Ã‚   Grindles study says that some capacities may be strengthened at the same time as other capacities are weakened. Even a country with considerable economic success may at the same time experience deteriorated social and economic rights conditions. Yet good governance programs may well contribute to improving human rights. For example, donor support for public accounts committee in parliament may lead to less waste of tax-payers money and thus improve the citizens political rights. Or, to the extent that public sector reform is a public good because it improves public service and makes them equally accessible to al citizens, successful public sector reform must improve a countrys social rights conditions. The point here is that there is nothing automatic about such a positive relationship between good governance and human rights, as a consequence of the different reasoning behind the usage of the concepts. The good governance concept has a technocratic bias, which aims as an instrument at creating the best possible conditions for economic development.The primary objective of economic and managerial and all the elements involved are first and foremost viewed from an economic and managerial perspective. This follows from the fact that good governance programs were introduced as a remedy to structural adjustment programs and their lack of immediate effects in Africa, as mentioned above. In a good governance perspective legal reforms, for instance, deal primarily with the legal needs of the commercial actors in the market. In contrast to this, the concept of human rights is explicitly normative, connecting ideas and principles about how a state should act towards its folks. Human rights are a means to the end of human dignity, and therefore they set some minimum standards for what the concept of human dignity should govern. According to the last perspective, good governance should mainly be defined by human rights standards and then by economic and managerial criteria. Another important difference in the way good governance and human rights are practiced and used by the international community is that good governance consists of recommendations on how the state is to exercise power most efficiently, the relevance of governance is the exercise of power and should be constrained so as to prevent its arbitrary use. The later involves a procedural, formal and legal perspective on governance that differs from political and economic perspectives. There is thus a distinction between rights and recommendations. Rights are formally binding in the sense that they may not be altered unless a formal procedure has taken place, whereas recommendations can be changed without any procedures in order to achieve a better realization of the political or economic objectives. In relation to human right this distinction is central. Political recommendations may lead to greater fulfillment of human dignity, but this does not necessarily lead to an increased respect for h uman rights. The realization of the contents of rights is of course necessary, but it is not sufficient for human rights because the acknowledgment of rights is in itself important. There is a difference between being given something and being entitled to something. When using the legal perspective on good governance, it becomes evident that policies of good governance have to be in compliance with human rights standards even though this demand may be viewed as having an immediate negative effect on economic development. The argument that policies, merely by creating economic development, are in compliance with human rights therefore cannot be accepted from a legal perspective. (Whether there exists a trade-off relationship between human rights and development is highly controversial).This way human rights should be seen as part of the general legal framework in which good governance policies can be pursued, that is an international legal framework which sets some human rights obligations for the governance of state. In describing good governance policies, donors tend to acknowledge human rights as fundamental guiding principles and aspirations to be achieved, but this is not implemented fully since human rights are not treated as legally binding standards guiding the implementation of governance policies. These obligations, however, not only include the obligation to respect and acknowledge human rights as mentioned above, but also an obligation to protect and an obligation to fulfill. Where every state has the possibility of respecting human rights formally by incorporating new laws, not every sate is fully able to protect and to fulfill these rights. Tod ay most human rights problems are not only the problems of recognition of rights, but also the problems of implementation of rights. In consideration of the above, the relationship between human rights and good governance need not be seen as only a conflicting one, in which human rights are seen as legal corrective to good governance policies. On the contrary, the relationship between good governance and human rights may also been seen as one affording mutual interests, where, on the one hand, governance policies may benefit from legal human rights obligations and, on the other, good governance measures strengthen the protection and fulfillment of human rights.

Computers :: essays research papers fc

DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS OVER THE DECADES   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions, or program, and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by compiling and correlating other forms of information.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The modern world of high technology could not have come about except for the development of the computer. Different types and sizes of computers find uses throughout society in the storage and handling of data, from secret governmental files to banking transactions to private household accounts. Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing through the techniques of automation, and they have enhanced modern communication systems. They are essential tools in almost every field of research and applied technology, from constructing models of the universe to producing tomorrow's weather reports, and their use has in itself opened up new areas of conjecture. Database services and computer networks make available a great variety of information sources. The same advanced techniques also make possible invasions of privacy and of restricted information sources, but computer crime has become one of the many risks that society must face if it would enjoy the benefits of modern technology. (Gulliver 12-15)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Imagine a world without computers. That would mean no proper means of communicating, no Internet, no video games. Life would be extremely difficult. Adults would have to store all their office work paper and therefore take up an entire room. Teenagers would have to submit course-works and projects hand-written. All graphs and diagrams would have to be drawn neatly and carefully. Youngsters would never have heard of 'video-games' and will have to spend their free time either reading or playing outside with friends. But thanks to British mathematicians, Augusta Ada Byron and Charles Babbage, our lives are made a lot easier. (Malone 5-6)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are two main types of computers that are in use today, analog and digital computers, although the term computer is often used to mean only the digital type. Analog computers exploit the mathematical similarity between physical interrelationships in certain problems, and employ electronic or hydraulic circuits to simulate the physical problem. Digital computers solve problems by performing sums and by dealing with each number digit by digit. (Cringley 28-30) Hybrid computers are those that contain elements of both analog and digital computers. They are usually used for problems in which large numbers of complex equations, known as time integrals, are to be computed.

Integration theory Essay

In introducing the revisionist phase of integration theory, Haas (1971: 26–30) explicitly withdrew his earlier exclusion of public opinion. This is particularly evident in his new ‘master concept’ of authority legitimacy transfer or sharing: ‘a formulation I would myself prefer to the stress put on elite loyalties in my own earlier formulations’. Indicators of this concept are observable in activity ‘in specific functional and organizational sectors and. . . in elite and mass perceptions’ (emphasis added). The acceptance of public opinion in the political arena is very transparent in the linkage of variables that quantify the percentage of interaction within the context of the masses and the elites’ political perception. Haas advocates focusing on the notion of social learning as a major link, speculating on the various elements that might be involved; for example, increased contact and familiarity, growing complexity in the pattern of inter-group loyalties and social roles, education and informal socialization practices and progressively rewarding experiences derived from the activities of common markets. On the other hand, Schmitter (1971: 233) is quite explicit about his revisionist intentions, offering ‘a revised formalization of the neo-functionalist or structuralist theory of the political consequences of regional integration with pretensions to general comparative relevance. ’ the significant factor in this theory lies on the connection of the differing variables and hypothesis in accordance to the attitudes and perceptions of the populace, which represents numerous political groups and parties. It all depends, therefore, on whether one takes a broad or narrow definition of these groups. Schmitter does not explicitly address this question but a broad definition is clearly implied by his operationalization of the variables in question. Thus the variable â€Å"elite value complementarity† is operationalized by reference to ‘panel type survey data on the nature and intensity of commitment to similar goals within and across integrating units’. That the operationalization includes public opinion data is clear from the accompanying footnote which includes reference to Inglehart’s work on public opinion and European integration. Similarly, regional identity is operationalized by reference to ‘panel survey research on selected samples exposed to intensive regional socialization; inference from single surveys on the residual importance of regional contacts/level of information when controlled for other variables’, and Inglehart’s work is again cited (Schmitter 1971: 252). Thus, we can infer that neo-functionalism’s principles are geared towards the affirmation on the importance of public opinion. In the development of Nye’s revised neo-functionalist model, public opinion enters the scheme at two points. First, attitudinal integration—described as definitive appeal—figures in an expanded list of ‘process mechanisms’. In addition to determining whether or not a regional identity exists, Nye argues that it is necessary to assess the degree of salience and urgency attached to it and whether or not it is accompanied by a ‘myth of permanence and inevitability’ (1971: 73). The other side of this variable is the persistence of competing national identities. Secondly, public opinion enters as a variable in the domestic arena influencing the actions of national political leaders. Actors in the original neo-functionalist model—mainly the integrationist technocrats and interest group representatives—need to be supplemented by ‘electoral or support politicians’ whose primary function is to legitimize the actions involved in regional integration. This implies a very clear role for public opinion in the process of integration, which is reinforced by the inclusion of ‘the category of mass opinion, or more accurately of opinion leaders, who create broad or narrow limits for the legitimacy of integrationist programs’ (1971: 63). Media is one of the major catalysts in the proliferation and in the validation of public opinion. Because through this, a political group can draw out what platforms they should espouse so that the electorate will vote for them. In terms of the electorate, public opinion will serve as their contribution in landscaping a new political condition, as well as the status quo of the preexisting politics. Since public opinion formulates how politics should operate there is a great necessity to ensure that such opinions are clearly express in order for it to be addressed and to be recognized. And the most effective means to satisfy such necessity is to use the media. The obvious question which then arises is why the new emphasis did not make an immediate impact on the research agenda. The problem was that, almost as soon as this broadening occurred and before it could really take hold, the theory itself seemed to be bypassed by events and treated by its authors, either explicitly or implicitly, as obsolescent. As noted earlier, it was rescued from oblivion by the resurgence of European integration in the mid-1980s. References: Haas, E. B. (1971). The Study of Regional Integration: Reflections on the Joy and Anguish of Pre-theorizing’. In Regional Integration: Theory and Research: Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press. Key, V. O. (1961). Public Opinion and American Democracy: New York: Knopf.

How to Save Money in College 12 Expert Tips

How to Save Money in College 12 Expert Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You probably already know that college costs can be pretty intimidating. If you’re on a budget when it comes to paying for your degree (and most people are), knowing how to save money in collegecan make a big difference. Here, I’ll talk a little bit about what college expenses you should be prepared forso that you have a better idea of what to expect. Then, I’ll discuss strategies for saving money before you get there, in addition to strategies for saving as a college student. Let’s get started! How Much Does College Even Cost? Before we get into strategies for how to save money in college, let’s talk a bit about what an undergraduate degreeactually costsfor students in the US. First, some key terms: Cost of Attendance (CoA) -Total amount of money it costs for an average student to attend a particular school for one year. This figure includes everything you could think of: tuition, room, board, transportation, books, personal expenses, etc. You could also call this a school’s â€Å"sticker price† - it’s what a student would pay if she didn’t get one dollar of financial aid.Keep in mind this is an average figure - if a student lives especially far from the school and pays more in transportation cost, for example, his CoA might be higher. Net Price - Total amount of money a student actually pays to attend a particular school for one year. This is what you actually pay out of pocket, after accounting for grants and scholarships.Put simply, Net Price = Cost of Attendance - (Grants Scholarships). This figure matters way more than a school’s CoA because it’s what you actually have to budget for. The lower your Net Price, the better off you’ll be. When students first start research on college expenses, they tend to look at the CoA, or the sticker price. This isn’t necessarily a bad place to start, but a more sophisticated way of looking at prospective schools is to consider your likely Net Price instead of the schools’ CoA. This information will be important when we get into cost-saving strategies. Facts and Figures Now that we’ve gotten that background info out of the way, we can talk about what the current college cost landscape looks like. All the prices in this section are sticker prices, or what costs that make up a school's CoA (so, not the average student's Net Price - don't freak out yet). The biggest expenses you’ll need to consider are tuition fees and room board. Average Tuition Fees For the 2014-2015 academic year, average tuition fee costs were†¦ $31,231 at private colleges $9,139 for state residents at public colleges $22,958 for out-of-state residents at public colleges Average Room Board For the 2014-2015 academic year, average room board costs were†¦ $,188 at private 4-year colleges $9,804 at public 4-year colleges You’ll have to account for some other minor expenses as well - these costs will depend on more variable factors. For more detailed information about expenses, check out our complete guide to college costs. These expenses can be really overwhelming for one year, never mindfor four. The good news is that there are a lot of things you can do to increase your available income and decrease your expenses, both before and during college. 4 Ways to Save Before You Get to College As with most things, saving for college is easier if yougive yourself more time to get started. The earlier you start budgeting for college expenses, the better. More time means more opportunities to tackle and plan for large expenses in your future. There are two main ways you can deal with these big costs: You can work on increasing your income/available cash You can work on decreasing your expenses Both strategies effectively do the same thing. In order to be most effective, you should concentrate on both increasing income and decreasing expenses.Here are the best ways to do that before you matriculate: Increase Your Income #1: Apply for Scholarships There are so many private scholarship programs available, from small local awards to huge national and even international competitions. Scholarships can be based on any number of criteria: financial need, academic merit, sports performance, volunteer work, ethnic background, professional interests, and more. Half the work is finding scholarships that would be a good fit for you. It’s great to apply for those well-known national scholarships (like the McDonald’s, Gates Millennium, and Coca-Cola awards), but they tend to be very competitive, so it’s smart to have backups in place. Look for local or state scholarships (like the Florida Bright Futures scholarship), or for scholarships that match your unique interests and background. Start by checking out our guides to scholarships for high school juniors and seniors. Do your own research by googling any important descriptors - like your location, interests, or sport of choice - + â€Å"scholarship.† #2: Get a High School Job This might be the most obvious way to increase your income before you leave for college. The tough part is figuring out whether a job is right for you - you don’t want to sacrifice your grades or extracurriculars, especially because high school jobs aren’t likely to pay very much. Learn more about figuring out whether getting a job learn more about whether a job might be a good fit for you (link out - should you get a job) If you work full-time during the summers, you can get both professional experience AND a more substantial paycheck to save up for college e.g. If you work full time at $9/hr for eight weeks, that comes to $2880 (before tax). That could cover your personal and textbook expenses for a whole year if you budget carefully Decrease Your Expenses #3: Apply to the Right Schools Different schools will be able to offer you different sized financial aid packages. If you’re strategic about where you apply to school, you’ll do yourself a favor by reducing your costs right off the bat. If you’re applying to public schools, you should focus on those located in your home state. Public school tuitions are often much higher for out-of-state residents. (There may be exceptions to this rule if you think you'd qualify for high amounts of merit aid). Know what schools offer the best aid, whether it’s need-based or merit-based. Even though a school’s sticker price might be high - private schools often have higher CoAs - you might end up with a better Net Price if the school has generous financial aid policies. The most important thing to remember is that CoA isn't very helpful when it comes to choosing cost-effective schools. What you should care about is your estimated Net Price at a particular school. Spend some time doing Net Price calculations (it’s easy - get more info in our article on college costs) to figure out which schools may offer you the best out-of-pocket price. #4: Focus on Your Grades and Test Scores One of the best ways to get a good Net Price is to get into a school that offers generous financial aid, as I mentioned above. So what types of schools give students the best Net Prices? Well, schools that offer generous financial aid are often well-ranked private schools (they tend to offer a lot of need-based aid), or private schools that are trying to attract more competitive students (they tend to offer a lot of merit-based aid). In-state public schools also tend to be affordable for state residents. If your grades and ACT/SAT scores wererelatively high for a particular school, chances are good that you would: Get accepted to the school Be offered need-based financial aid (if any was available) Qualify for merit-based aid (if any was available) You may also qualify for merit scholarships if you were recruitedfor a particular sport. You can see how you stack up to other applicants and calculate your chances for admission for almost any school. All you have to do is Google "PrepScholar [school name] admissions" for more information. 7 Ways to Save Money inCollege I do not recommend saving money by using a belt instead of a backpack. Once you get to college, you’ll have a lot on your plate - classes, friends, extracurricular activities, and more. Managing your finances and saving money should become a part of your daily routine if you want to be successful in the long run. These next strategies will help you manage your income and spending on a daily basis once you’re a student. While you’re reading, think of other ways you can increase your income and decrease your expenses. Increase Your Income #1: Keep Applying for Scholarships As you hone your academic and professional interests, you may be able to find scholarships or grants that are a good fit for yourgoals. You don’t have to be a high school student in order to qualify for many scholarships (the Tylenol scholarship is a good example of this). Check with your academic department and/or career center for more information about possible scholarship awards. Also, Google is your friend!Use both general and specific search terms to catch as many award options as possible (e.g. "healthcare scholarships" versus "dental school scholarships for women"). #2: Get a Job On Campus Campus jobs are great options for college students, especially for those who have work study awards. They’re often conveniently located, pay better than jobs available to high school students, offer better personal and professional connections, and align better with future career goals. If you work 15 hours/week at $10/hr for two 20-week semesters, you’d make $6,000 per year. You could obviously make way more than that if you work during summers or long breaks. For more information, check out or guide to on-campus jobs (coming soon). Decrease Your Expenses #3: Make (and Stick to) a Budget This approach might take some trial and error, but it's totally worth it in the end. Start by thinking - realistically - about how much money you spend each month in different categories (e.g. food, transportation, clothing, personal grooming, entertainment, etc.).Add all of these expenses to come up with a total amount. If this total amount is more than your expected monthly income, start cutting non-necessities from your budget. Read more about crafting a budget on a strict income. Ultimately, budgets only work if you adhere to them. You can manually tally the amount of money you spend each month, but that can get pretty tedious. Free money management tools like Mint can help streamline the process and help you be more successful in saving money. #4: Be Smart About Your Textbook Purchases The average student spends about $1,200 a year on textbooks- yikes. The good news isthere are a lot of things you can do to try to keep your textbook costs well below this average: Shop around - don’t just buy what’s available at your campus bookstore. Check prices on Amazon to see if it’s cheaper to order online. Buy your textbooks used, either from campus bookstores, online, or from a friend or classmate. Take advantage of textbook rentals if they’re offered at your school. Sell books back to the bookstore (or online via Amazon) if you won't be using them again. Alternatively, you can sell to classmates who need to take the class after you're done. Don’t buy books at all! See if they’re offered at the library, and if so, if it’ll be hard to get your hands on them(this can be the case if all your classmates have the same idea). If there’s too much competition for books at the library, it’s better to just buy or rent. #5: Look at Your Rooming Options Living on-campus can sometimes be more expensive than living off-campus, especially in areas where the average cost of living is pretty low. If it’s an option, consider looking at alternative housing options where you can split rent with a bunch of other students. Don’t forget to take other possible expense increases - like paying more for food and transportation- into account when calculating off-campus saving options. #6: Take Advantage of the Summer There are a lot of ways to use the summer months to your financial advantage. If you’re living off campus and are committed to paying rent through the summer (i.e. if you’ve signed a lease), you’ll want to make sure you take advantage of that housing: If you'll be staying somewhere else for the summer, try to find someone to sublet. Students taking summer courses often need short-term housing options. Alternatively, stay in your housing for the summer to take summer classes yourself. By earning extra credits, you can possibly graduate earlier. If you live on campus and have to figure out housing plans for the summer, look into programs that might give you subsidized or free room and board. Summer RA jobs might be a good place to start. #7: Seek Out Student Discounts On and around college campuses, restaurants and retail stores often offer small student discounts to college kids who have their IDs handy. A 10% discount is pretty standard - helpful, but not necessarily huge. You can also check out this list of national retailers and restaurants that offer special deals to college students. This tiponly works if you’re sticking to a budget, as outlined above. Discounts can sometimes entice people to spend money they wouldn't usually spend, so only seek out deals you would purchase anyways. Student discounts are great .. as long as you don't turn into this lady and buy everything you see on sale. Final Points Thinking about saving money over the course of four years is overwhelming, to say the least. Although it'll help to have the above strategies for how to save money in college - especially as you make big financial decisions - it's OKto take things one day at a time. To be honest, the big financial decisions are going to be the ones that affect your finances the most. If you make prudent decisions when it comes tochoosing your school, housing option, and food plans, it'll be much easier to budget for those day-to-day expenses. Finally, just because you're a college student on a limited budget doesn't mean you can't spend money on anything fun. As long as you don't go overboard (and you stick to a budget, asI mentioned earlier), it's OKto indulge in small treatslike a movie, a new sweater, or a night out with friends. Don't forget to budget for college experiences like these! What's Next? Making smart financial decisions before and during college is important when it comes to your financial future. If you want to be even more prepared to tackle your education expenses, check out our complete guide to paying for college - it'll cover some bigger points about how to budget for the next four years. If you anticipate that covering all your expenses will be an issue, you should read our post on how to get student loans. But don't take out any more loans than you have to - see if you can get scholarship awards to help with those costs! Start with our lists of the top scholarships for high school juniors and seniors. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

A winning pitch - Emphasis

A winning pitch A winning pitch A guest blog on the Law Society Gazettes website says that writing pitches is not something that lawyers can afford to skate over. The article, Pitch writing: because its worth it, was contributed by Rob Ashton, Emphasis chief executive. In it, he looks at why far from being a waste of otherwise billable hours a carefully put together and tailored pitch is actually a sound investment in your firm. Much like death and taxes, for lawyers, pitch-writing is an inevitable part of life. And in todays financial climate more than ever, the pitch can make or break a deal. It can do the same for your firms reputation. Find out exactly why by reading the blog in full.

The role of microRNAs in breast cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The role of microRNAs in breast cancer - Essay Example Below is a description of the effect of miRNAs in breast cancer metastasis, treatment and cause. Regulation on Cancer Causing Proteins According to Yamashita and others, mis-expressions or mutations in miRNA have been associated with different types of human cancers. The loss-or-gain-of function of some miRNAs has also been found to contribute to tumorigenesis and epithelial cellular transformation of the breast. Research has also revealed that profiling of miRNA expression shows that different molecular subtypes in breast cancer have different expressions of miRNAs (Yamashita et al, n.d., p. 331). ER? is responsible for breast cancer. There are two types of ER? related breast cancers. There are ER?-negative and ER?-positive breast cancers. Most primary breast cancers express ER? with an approximate value of 70%. ER?-positive breast cancers have been found to respond positively to endocrine therapy. This could be because of the role of ER? in the endocrine system. ER? is necessary fo r estrogen-dependent growth. It affects the response to endocrine therapy among women with ER?-positive breast cancers depending on its level of expression. ... 331). The Roles of miRNAs in Cellular Processing There are various cellular processes in which miRNAs are involved. These include development of skeletal and heart muscles, and establishment and maintenance of cell lineage. The miRNAs have the ability to express specific tissue, which has been, observed in insulin secretion, proliferation, hematopoiesis, adepocyte development, apoptosis, and brain pattering. Because of these roles and involvement in diverse cellular functions, miRNAs’ function and expression dysregulation has the potential to cause diseases. This has been observed in Tourette’s syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and from recent research studies, associated with cancer development and progression (Kayani, Kayani, Malik & Faryal, 2011, p. 3175). Bachour and Bennett (2011) also note that miRNAs are involved in regulation of apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation, and have the ability to directly obstruct stability and translation of specific gene transcri pts that they target and cause cell physiology disorder. In breast cancer, for example, miRNAs have been found to be involved in the dysregulation of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, causing progression of breast cancer (Bachour & Bennett, 2011; Liu et al, 2011). MiRNAs are also found in regulation of cell development and cell cycle. This characteristic places them in the best place for exploring anticancer treatments. Altered miRNA signatures cause breast cancer metastasis and development. This has been identified through the study of the effect of the loss of tumour suppressor miRNAs such as miR-31, miR-203, miR-30a, miR-34a, miR-200s, miR-205, miR-342, miR-125s, miR-206, and let-7s, or the over-expression of oncogenic miRNA such as miR-21, miR-155, miR-222, miR-10b,

The European sovereign debt crisis dominated international financial Essay - 1

The European sovereign debt crisis dominated international financial markets during 2010-2012. Economies fell into recession and financial market volatility was high - Essay Example d not be contained as the problems only in the Greek region, given the economical and financial structure governing the European nations it was apparent that this crisis was a truly ‘European’ crisis and couldn’t be handled in isolation with any one country. The Greek deficit was a direct result of the The European Nation came into being in 1992 through the signing of the Maastricht Treaty. The treaty established the euro as legal tender for all the participating nations, with the exclusive responsibility of forming the monetary policy for the euro zone falling on the European Central Bank. The treaty promised great benefits for the nations admitted to the euro zone. There were two major economic rewards firstly it increased the ease of borrowing for individual governments based on the average rating for the whole of euro zone; nations with high deficits and low GDP would enjoy the same average rating as a benefit from the high economic performance of stronger euro zone economies. Secondly, the uniform monetary policy meant that no nation could devalue its currency or lower interest rates etc to increase their competitive advantage. This leveled the playing field for all participants of the Euro zone. However, the mechanics behind these ‘benefits’ were risky and the major criticism for the treaty. The countries were still held responsible for designing their fiscal policies in order to positively influence the economy, but without the control of monetary measures, they could not manage their sovereign debt problems through devaluation of currency or lowering the interest rates. Another concern, which would later prove to be true, was the idea that some economies might become ‘free-riders’ and depend on other participating nations in the euro zone to indulge in high debt to finance economic activities without the required increase in productivity. In order to put a check and balance on the system, a â€Å"convergence criteria† was set upon for the

Conflict resolution and assertiveness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Conflict resolution and assertiveness - Essay Example This essay functions to consider the conflict resolution aspects in terms of the theoretical approach referred to as non-violent communication, exploring the various ways and situations such an approach to interpersonal communication can be implemented. While non-violent communication is a broad category that can be implemented in a variety of contexts and ways, one of the central aspects of this approach is the central importance of treating other humans in a humane way, even during trying situations. One of the important aspects of achieving this mode of communication is through the conscious responding to answers, rather than basing our responses on instinctual and oftentimes angry replies (Rosenberg). In these regards, one of the major problems in conflict resolution is the challenge individuals face when interacting with others through their first level, genuine emotions. It’s in this stage of response that people experience anger and frustration that escalates the confro ntation to levels that prevent it from being resolved in an effective way. Non-violent communication works to prevent these unproductive means of interpersonal relations. In terms of my own personal life I recognize there are many instances when I have fallen prey to means of communication that go directly against these theoretical approaches to interaction. As a means of implementing non-violent communication in my daily life I recognize there are a lot of specific means. While work situations are perhaps most central to these modes of conflict resolution, it’s also clear that I can implement them in my daily life to help improve my interpersonal communication. One such aspect of this implementation occurs when interacting with individuals over the phone. Oftentimes when dealing with companies over phone bills or similar aspects of sales, it’s clear that anger oftentimes surfaces over company policies, or similar things that are not directly related to the operator wi th whom I am conversing. In past circumstances, I oftentimes would resort to becoming angry and arguing with the operators in a heated way, non-violent communication offers a different approach to the situation. Using this type of communication strategy, it’s necessary to consciously step outside of my emotions and consider ways that I can respond to the individuals in a constructive way that doesn’t involve anger or heated-exchanges. Instead, non-violent communication indicates that I should take a second to step back from the situation and consider it in more conscious depth. For instance, instead of directing my anger at the individual on the phone, I should step back and consider that they are merely an aspect of the organization and that the policies that are causing issues are not their personal fault but indicative of the organization. When consciously considering these aspects of communication it becomes clear directing anger at the individual operator makes ve ry little sense and is counter-productive. When this is understood, it becomes clear that the communication can stay within the confines of a particular mode of relations that are conducive to both parties involved. While such means of implementing non-violent communication practices constitute a general approach to the conflict resolutio